10 College Majors That Lead to the Highest Salaries

10 College Majors That Lead to the Highest Salaries On the off chance that you’ve heard any of the dreary details on understudy advance obligation like that 44 million Americans owe more than $1.3 trillion in understudy advance obligation then abruptly that professional education probably won't appear as though the extraordinary thought it once did. (As a previous English major, I feel that torment.) You shouldn’t let that frighten you off from higher ed, however. On the off chance that you’re an understudy choosing where to center, or if you’re pondering returning to class, the best resource you can have is information on what your course of action is. That implies getting a post-school line of work that will let you take care of your school obligation. It likewise implies picking a field of study that will set you up well after you wander off with that well deserved degree. Pay isn’t the main interesting point when you’re arranging you’re future, yet let’s face it-it’s o utrageously significant. While there is some decent variety among the most lucrative majors, the principle topic is that STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) professions are among the most sweltering out there this moment. Let’s take a gander at 10 of the most elevated acquiring majors, in view of a review led by Glassdoor, and what you can do with them. Spoiler alert: the vast majority of them are in technical studies and technology.1. PC ScienceMedian pay: $81,430Spotlight work: Web DeveloperWeb engineers plan and make sites, just as keep up the everyday tasks, enhancements, execution, and traffic. Engineers need to have solid aptitudes in structure and PC programming. The middle compensation for web engineers is $64,790 every year, and the U.S. Department of Labor Statistics predicts that the field will become 27% by 2024 (a lot quicker than average).Spotlight work: Software DeveloperSoftware designers handle the imaginative side of PC programming. They plan applications, projects, interfaces, and the fundamental frameworks. Programming engineers work with client input and groups of other PC experts to make, refine, and improve programs. The middle compensation for programming engineers is $100,960 every year, and the U.S. Authority of Labor Statistics predicts 17% development by 2024.2. Electrical EngineeringMedian pay: $68,438Spotlight work: Electrical EngineerElectrical engineers are answerable for planning, creating, and testing electrical gear, for example, electric engines, radar and route frameworks, interchanges frameworks, and force age equipment. They work in a wide range of ventures, from assembling to media communications to government offices. The middle compensation for electrical designers is $95,230 every year, and in spite of the fact that the U.S. Department of Labor Statistics foreseeing gangbusters development among now and 2024, the field is required to remain steady.Spotlight job: Systems Engineer3. Mecha nical EngineeringMedian pay: $68,000Spotlight work: Mechanical EngineerMechanical engineers are genuine multidisciplinarians-this is one of the most flexible and fluctuated designing fields. Mechanical specialists configuration, create, manufacture, and test mechanical gadgets, including instruments, motors, and machines. The middle compensation for mechanical designers is $83,590, and the U.S. Agency of Labor Statistics predicts 5% development by 2024.Spotlight occupation: Industrial DesignerIndustrial planners make structures for fabricated items (counting vehicles, machines, toys, and customer items). Mechanical originators join ideas from building, business, and craftsmanship/structure points of view to make easy to understand and alluring items. The middle pay for modern fashioners is $67,130, and the U.S. Department of Labor Statistics predicts unobtrusive development of 2% by 2024.4. Compound EngineeringMedian compensation: $65,000Spotlight work: Chemical EngineerChemical eng ineers take a shot at the creation and utilization of synthetic substances, fuel, medications, food, and numerous different items, just as structuring procedures and hardware for assembling, arranging and testing creation strategies, and coordinating office activities. They apply science, material science, and building standards to their items and procedures. Substance specialists can be found in research offices, mechanical plants, and other lab settings. The middle pay for synthetic architects is $97,360, and the field is required to develop about 2% by 2024.5. Mechanical EngineeringMedian pay: $64,381Spotlight work: Industrial EngineerIndustrial engineers work to make creation and assembling forms progressively proficient. They make frameworks that arrange assets (individuals, machines, materials, data, and vitality) to make an item quicker, less expensive, and all the more successfully. The middle pay for modern specialists is $83,470, and the U.S. Authority of Labor Statistics predicts humble changes of about 1% by 2024.6. Data TechnologyMedian compensation: $64,008Spotlight work: Information Security AnalystInformation security investigators are the principal line of barrier for an organization’s PC system and data. They devise and actualize security methodologies to make preparations for information burglary, cyberattacks, and other computerized dangers. The middle pay for data security experts is $90,120, and as the quantity of digital dangers rise, so openings for work: the Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts 18% development by 2024.Spotlight occupation: Network and Computer Systems AdministratorWith everything going computerized nowadays, system and PC frameworks chairmen have key jobs in almost every association. They are liable for the everyday support and improvement of a company’s advanced foundation. The middle pay for organize heads is $77,810, and the field is relied upon to develop in any event 8% by 2024.7. Structural Engineeri ngMedian compensation: $61,500Spotlight work: Civil EngineerIf you’ve went on a street, experienced an air terminal, or utilized an open water framework, you’ve delighted in the handicraft of a structural architect. These architects structure and manage development extends in both people in general and private segments. This can incorporate streets, structures, air terminals, burrows, dams, scaffolds, and open utilities like water flexibly and sewage treatment. The middle compensation for structural designers is $82,220, and the U.S. Agency of Labor Statistics expects that there will be 8% increasingly affable designing occupations by 2024.8. StatisticsMedian compensation: $60,000Spotlight work: StatisticianStatisticians gather and investigate information, and use it to help take care of true issues in business, account, social insurance, designing, or different territories. Analysts are sought after in both the private and open areas for instance, insurance agencies a nd government organizations. As we move increasingly more into an information driven society, the requirement for qualified experts to bode well and technique out of that information develops continuously. The middle pay for analysts is $80,110 every year, and the field is required to develop quickly 34% by 2024.Spotlight occupation: Market Research AnalystMarket research experts are the ones who can let you know whether your item is probably going to be a hit or a lemon. They investigate complex market factors, and foresee deals for a specific decent or administration. Their exploration prompts choices about what items ought to be, who might get them, and what value the market will bear. The middle pay for statistical surveying examiners is $62,150, and the field is required to develop by 19% by 2024.9. NursingMedian compensation: $58,928Spotlight work: Registered NurseThe human services field is as solid as could be, and phenomenal medical attendants are consistently sought after. Medical attendants organize and give direct patient consideration, working with patients in a wide range of medicinal services settings (emergency clinics, centers, schools, offices, home consideration, hospices, and so on.). The middle pay for medical caretakers is $67,490, and request will develop by 16% (a lot quicker than normal) by 2024.Spotlight employment: Nurse AnesthetistNurses in this exceptionally specific zone can direct sedation before methodology, screen patients’ imperative signs, and administer patients’ recuperation after medical procedure. They work with specialists, doctors, an anesthetists as a feature of the careful consideration group. The middle compensation for nurture anesthetists is $160,250, and the field is relied upon to develop a lot quicker than normal, in accordance with other nursing careers.10. FinanceMedian compensation: $54,900Spotlight work: Financial AnalystFinancial examiners are regularly the voice of money related explanation, giving ability on business sectors and business to support customers and organizations settle on venture choices. They screen the budgetary markets intently, especially the presentation of stocks, securities, reserves, and other speculation types. The middle compensation for monetary investigators is $80,310, and by 2024 the Bureau of Labor Statistics expects there will be 12% more employments for money related analysts.Spotlight work: AccountantAccountants are liable for getting ready and examining budgetary records, including charges and day by day budgetary tasks. They manage everyday budgetary activities to guarantee that an organization is running proficiently and on spending plan. The middle pay for bookkeepers is $67,190, and the field ought to develop by in any event 11% by 2024.If you’re as of now in school, or simply contemplating it, these majors could be an extraordinary alternative for you if you’re looking for a steady, well-paying profession way.

Humanisitic Perspective

The Humanistic Perspective The humanistic point of view in brain research says that we are answerable for our activities with regards to brutality. I accept that the humanistic viewpoint is the most ideal approach to portray the activities of brutality. There are numerous instances of this that have been considered that help this point of view. A few instances of savagery that help this viewpoint incorporate Joel Rifkin, the two children thrill execute. Humanistic brain research is simply the valuable perspective on human assurance. It is the understanding of the conduct of somebody is intentional.This implies someone’s activities with savagery are their decision and they are aware of what they are doing. The humanistic point of view accepts the individual who is acting savagery is liable for their activities. Viciousness as I would see it can be best clarified in the humanistic hypothesis. Individuals comprehend what they are doing and it is their decision on the off chance t hat they need to do it. With regards to viciousness individuals are fit for comprehending what is correct and what's going on. On account of Joel Rifkin, he was a sequential executioner who killed whores in the mid 1990’s in New York City. He was completely mindful of what he was doing and his activities were intended.In a meeting after he was indicted Rifkin explained to examiners the thinking behind why he kept on murdering. He said that there was a rush to executing and it gave him a surge of adrenaline. This is a careful case of the humanistic point of view since he understood what he was doing and the results that may join his activities and he proceeded with his viciousness upheavals. A rush executing is planned homicide submitted by an individual who isn't really experiencing mental precariousness, and doesn't have anything against them, yet is rather propelled by the sheer fervor of the act.In the situation where the two little youngsters carried on and murdered one o f their colleagues for the â€Å"thrill† of it is an ideal case of the humanistic hypothesis. Despite the fact that they were youthful they realized that slaughtering somebody for no particular reason wasn't right and they did it at any rate. Their conduct was deliberate and pre-decided. These awful wrongdoings are incredible instances of the humanistic thought and why it is the most significant point of view when contemplating savagery.

About the Samples of Narrative Essay About a Family Member Sacrifice

About the Samples of Narrative Essay About a Family Member SacrificeThe purpose of the samples of narrative essay about a family member sacrifice can be to provide a starting point for the writer. The writer can either build on these samples or copy them word for word. Either way the writer should not start a family member sacrifice sample essay without having learned something from them.The first step in writing a family member sacrifice sample is to understand the characteristics and situation in which the writer is writing the sample and to know the specific example from which to learn. Usually, the samples of narrative essay about a family member sacrifice sample are intended to give the writer an outline of what to write and when.Reading a sample of narrative essay about a family member sacrifice without having been provided with the types of examples the writer might want to use or learn from is like going out on a wild goose chase. Having an outline will allow the writer to kn ow the general format and outline of the sample. Being prepared is half the battle.The next step in writing a family member sacrifice sample is to ensure that the sample covers the general themes that might be required in the writer's own situation. The best way to do this is to review and reread the sample several times. This will help the writer to pick up on key details. Also, repeating the sample will help to familiarize the writer with how it reads and feels like.Finally, the writer should set aside a time to carefully read through the samples of narrative essay about a family member sacrifice sample. This will help the writer to get a feel for the structure of the sample and what it might feel like to write the story.Sometimes the writer may find that the writing sample seems too technical and he or she doesn't feel that he or she has the ability to write the sample as he or she wishes. However, there are writers who can construct the exact sample they wish to write. Once the writer gets into the flow of writing the narrative, he or she can tweak it however he or she wants and it will still be a sample of narrative essay about a family member sacrifice.Using the samples of narrative essay about a family member sacrifice sample to build a plot or to write about the writer's life can be extremely helpful. The writer should find his or her voice in the samples and use it to construct the narrative.After the writer has used the samples of narrative essay about a family member sacrifice to construct the plot, the writer should then begin writing the summary of the story he or she wishes to tell. The writer should also consider including these samples of narrative essay about a family member sacrifice in his or her book manuscript.

Case Study Business Law I Essay - 1803 Words

Eider I. Espinosa ACCT 261 – Business Law I Prof R. Stein Fact Pattern 1 In the case of Anthony, a New Jersey resident and owner of a waste disposal company in the state of New Jersey, and his two business associates, Paul and Silvio, whom suffered severe injuries due to a motor vehicle accident caused by a negligent truck driver; they have great standing to sue against the neglectful driver and the company associated with the ownership of the vehicle. Regardless of the diversity of their residency/ citizenship, the affected party can proceed to sue the corporation responsible for the damages caused by their staff and property; reason being that they are protected under the Constitution’s diversity of citizenship, and the privileges and immunities clause. Furthermore, these two constitutional clauses in addition to the commerce clause, dictate the court that the matter needs to be brought to. The diversity of citizenship clause stipulates that matters that involves two or more parties of varying citizenship, such as state of residency or country of origin, and who’s legal dispute is greater than seventy-five thousand dollars, will be protected and served by the United States law under the jurisdiction of the federal court. The privileges and immunities clause prohibits states from discriminating against one another’s citizens, they are not to be unprivileged from any legal protection, access to courts, or travel and property rights. Lastly the commerce clause permitsShow MoreRelatedThe Age Of Fourteen, I Became An Anomaly Essay1321 Words   |  6 PagesAt the ripe age of fourteen, I became an anomaly. An anomaly who was well-known throughout the fiercely competitive world of ballet; the girl who started ballet at fourteen, and worked so hard she was company ready by seventeen. I was the girl who international company directors from New York City Ballet, San Francisco Ballet, Royal Winnipeg Ballet, and more referred to as the â€Å"racehorse†. And with the snap of a finger, or rather, my back, it was all gone. All it took was forty-eight hours. You couldRead MoreA Business Perspective Of Management Discipline1299 Words   |  6 Pages 1. From a business perspective why is management discipline important? Compare and contrast the management discipline to medicine and law (how are these similar and how are they different - be specific in your explanations and provide examples to support your response). From a business perspective management discipline is as important as the next key factor to company success because it, â€Å"...drives the field forward† (Magretta, 9). 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Islam and Diane Frost Essay example - 1483 Words

Islamophobia: Links between terrorism, Muslim and â€Å"race hate’’. By Mbalu Sillah English 101 Professor Caldwell 16 June 2011 Thesis: Millions of people from different races, nationalities and cultures around the world are united by their widespread Islamic faith. Introduction I. What is Islamaphobia? A. What cause it? B. Where it was use the most? C. Who did it affect the most? 1. Muslims 2. United State 3. Europe II. Terrorism A. September 11, 2001 B. Europe bombing 2005 III. Media A. Effect on Islamaphobia B. Spread of racism IV. Discrimination A. Muslims B. At work C. Home D. Public Places V. Conclusion A. Damage B. Effect in community†¦show more content†¦The CPS stated that at the beginning of 2005 it had dealt with 4,728 cases of â€Å"racially aggravated’’ crimes in the past 12 months; More than half of the victims were Asian, with Islam the â€Å"actual or perceived’’ religion of those attacked. The criminal attacked and insulted victims of Muslims because Muslims were view as supporters of Osama bin laden or Saddam Hussein. Muslim communities have been targeted in various forms, since the 2001 attacks either because of this or the combination of factors. Moreover, when London was bombed in July 2005, this could only mean an increase in anti-Muslim emotion and an increase in race hate against Muslims nationally. According to the Metropolitan police, religious hate crimes, mostly against Muslims, rose 6-fold in London in the three weeks after the July 2005 bombings. Many of these involve verbal abuse and minor assaults, and damage to mosques and property with a great â€Å"emotional impact’’ was also part of the report. This includes assaults, criminal damage or public order offences, and included four murders (BBC News, August 4, 2005). The independent (2 April, 2005) reported the research into the effects of september11 and the invasion of Iraq found â€Å"Islamophobic tendencies’’ filtering down into the younger generation, including school children as young as 13. Kundnani has look at the after effects on one Muslim community following the 9/11 attacks;Show MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition Ne w Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesUniversity of Florida Edward Fox, Wilkes University Alison Fragale, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Lucy Franks, Bellevue University Dean Frear, Wilkes University Jann Freed, Central College Crissie Frye, Eastern Michigan University Diane Galbraith, Slippery Rock University Carolyn Gardner, Radford University Janice Gates, Western Illinois University Ellen Kaye Gehrke, Alliant International University James Gelatt, University of Maryland University College Joe Gerard, University of

Marketing Structure and Pricing Decisions - 5312 Words

MARKET STRUCTURE AND PRICING DECISIONS BY ONIKOYI O. OLUWATOBI M.sc. Marketing A Presentation submitted to the department of business Administration and marketing Management and Social Sciences. In partial Fulfilment on ECONS 801 (MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS) Taught by Associate Prof. Didia P. O November, 2011 Introduction In order to maximize profits or shareholder wealth, managers must use the information that they have relating to demand and costs in order to determine strategy regarding price and output, and other variables. However, managers must also be aware of the type of market structure in which they operate, since this has important implications for strategy; this applies both to short-run decision making and to long-run†¦show more content†¦Although there are several grades, all wheat of a given grade sells for the same price in a given market. Buyers are usually not told who produced the wheat, nor do they care. If properly graded, wheat from one supplier is as good from another. Product differentiation is an important characteristic because it indicates a firm’s ability to affect price. However, products considered less desirable will be purchased only if seller is willing to accept a lower price. * Conditions of Entry and Exit Ease of entry and exit are crucial determinants of the nature of a market in the long run. When it is extremely difficult for new firms to enter, existing firms will have much greater freedom in making pricing and output decisions than if they must be concerned about new entrants who have been attracted by the lure of high profits. Consider a drug manufacturer that holds a patent that prohibits other firms from making the drug. If there are no close substitutes for the product, that firm will essentially be free from competition now and for the duration of the patent. Thus its managers can make pricing decisions without worrying about losing market share to new entrants. However, if the drug can be easily copied, and if prices are substantially above costs, new firms may enter the market. Ease of exit also affects managerial behaviour. Suppose that certain firms in a market have been earning less than the normal rate of profit, if the resources used to produce the productShow MoreRelatedPurchasing and Supply Chain Management: Pricing Decision1061 Words   |  5 PagesWeek 4 Assignment Pricing Decisions BUS 612-Advanced Project Procurement October 01, 2012 Pricing Decision One of the most important and complex decisions a firm has to make is how much to pay for its items and services. The buying professional should be able to detect easily exceptionally high prices. Thus, it is necessary to give meticulous consideration to pricing decision when buying products and services. 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Evolution of ATO Compliance Model †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Evolution of ATO Compliance Model. Answer: Introduction: The present case study raises the issue relating to whether or not the sale of property can be held taxable under defined under section 6-5 of the Income tax assessment act 1997 (Barkoczy 2016). The existing issue is associated with Smith and Jones who are engaged in the business activities of development of property and also used the block of land for sheep grazing. Upon assessment, it is discovered that the business resulted in loss, which led the taxpayer to subdivide the land and selling the same. Application: The consequences of transacting in property or land will be taken into the considerations for assessment defined under several different portions of taxation law (Anderson, Dickfos and Brown 2016). There are two elements that have been taken into the considerations while determining the regimes of taxation, which is application on the disposal of sale or property or land, represents the nature of the dealings together with the taxpayers summary. According to the general rule selling of land forms the part of the trading stock or revenue asset in nature and such selling of land will be considered as the ordinary income. Conversely, if the land is disposed it is considered in the form of capital asset and the revenues that is generated from the selling of land forms the part of the capital gains tax for treatment (Brooks 2016). Division 70 of the ITAA 1997 defines that if the selling of property forms the part of business that is associated with the development then such kind of property will be considered as trading stock. Therefore, the issue that has arisen in this context is to determine whether the business activities of property is related to development (James 2016). As defined under section 995-1 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 business is defined as the profession or trade carried out with the purpose of profit. As defined under the case of Ferguson v FC of T (1979) whether the business that is executed symbolizes as the subject matter related to fact. Furthermore, section 70-10 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, states trading stock that is associated with the manufacturing, purchasing, acquiring or holding anything during the ordinary course of business (Braithwaite and Braithwaite 2016). As defined under the case of FC of T v St Huberts Island Pty Limited 78 land can be regarded as the part of trading stock if the same is acquired with the purpose of reselling it again (King 2016.). Hence, it forms obligatory in ascertaining the purpose of property development. On viewing the business nature, the block of land can be treated in the form of inventory. On the other hand, on evaluating the current scenario it is ascertained that the taxpayer with the objective of sheep grazing primarily used the block of land and the land was improved for that same objective. On analysing the current situation, it is understood that the particular block of land could not be treated as land that was primarily acquired with the objective of carrying trading stock (Jones 2016). It is noteworthy to denote that the land not acquired by Smith and Jones with the objective of reselling it, subsequently the land was held for that same purpose. As stated under the taxation rulings of 92/3 it lays down the guidance in determining the whether the income generated from selling of Isolated transaction should be held for assessment at the time of determining the assessable income defined under section 25 (1) of the ITAA 1936 (Long, Campbell and Kelshaw 2016). Furthermore, Para 6 of the taxation rulings 92/3 states that income that is derived from the isolated transaction should be considered as ordinary income given that the primary intention of selling such land was to derive profit during the ordinary course of business. Para 7 of the taxation rulings 92/3 provides th at the original purpose of the taxpayer should be to derive profit on the basis of facts and it should not be subjective. As defined under the Para 8 of the taxation rulings 92/3 the primary purpose of the generating profit does not need to be the ultimate reason of entering into the transaction (Morgan, Mortimer and Pinto 2016). Hence, it forms essential to possess the objective of making profit at the time of acquiring land. As defined under Para 13 of the taxation rulings 92/3 there are certain kinds of criterion that needs to be met in order to determine whether or not the isolated transaction should be taken into the considerations under the heads of ordinary income. As evident from the following case study that Smith and Jones acquired land with the objective of carrying out the objective of sheep grazing. On suffering loss in their business they undertook the decision of subdividing the block of land to generate profit. Therefore, the profit that is generated from the business activities would be considered as isolated transactions and will be included for assessment as ordinary income under sect ion 6-5 of the ITAA 1997 (Robin, Barkoczy and Woellner 2016). Conclusion: To conclude with as defined under the taxation rulings of 92/3 it is found that the business transaction of selling land will be held for assessment under the heads of isolated transaction. Therefore, the sum of income that is generated from such kinds of transaction should be treated under the heads of ordinary income under section 6-5 of the ITAA 1997. According to the Para 18 of the taxation rulings 98/1 income generated by the employer should be held under the cash basis. On the other hand, Para 20 states that earning method is the most suitable method for determining the income generated by the business (Russell 2016). Therefore, as evident from the current case accrual method of accounting must be used in the determining the taxable income. The taxation rulings of 92/18 states that bad debt should be treated in the form of deductions given that the income is included in the assessable income. according to the taxation rulings of 92/18 bad debt should not be considered for deduction if accounting for cash basis is followed (Woellner et al. 2016). On allowing the bad debt for deduction then the recovery of bad debt should be treated as taxable. Travelling to workplace from home should be regarded as private and the taxpayer cannot claim deduction for the expenditure incurred for the same. As defined under section 25-75 of the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, an organisation cannot deduct the sum that is paid as rent and rates on the premises used for business purpose. As stated under Division 28 of the ITAA 1997, an organisation can claim for deduction for the sum paid relating to rent and rates on the premises used for business activities. Reference list: Anderson, C., Dickfos, J. and Brown, C., 2016. The Australian Taxation Office-what role does it play in anti-phoenix activity?.INSOLVENCY LAW JOURNAL,24(2), pp.127-140. Barkoczy, S., 2016. Foundations of Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue. Braithwaite, V. and Braithwaite, J., 2016. Managing taxation compliance: The evolution of the ATO Compliance Model. Brooks, M., 2016.The long arm provisions of capital gain tax: An analysis of the capital gains tax consequences on the indirect disposal of immovable property by non-residents in selected African Countries(Doctoral dissertation, University of Cape Town). James, K., 2016. The Australian Taxation Office perspective on work-related travel expense deductions for academics.International Journal of Critical Accounting,8(5-6), pp.345-362. Jones, D., 2016. Capital gains tax: The rise of market value?.Taxation in Australia,51(2), p.67. King, A., 2016. Mid market focus: The new attribution tax regime for MITs: Part 2.Taxation in Australia,51(1), p.12. Long, B., Campbell, J. and Kelshaw, C., 2016. The justice lens on taxation policy in Australia.St Mark's Review, (235), p.94. Morgan, A., Mortimer, C. and Pinto, D., 2016. A practical introduction to Australian taxation law 2016. Robin BarkoczyWoellner (Stephen Murphy, Shirley Et Al), 2016.Australian Taxation Law 2016. Oxford University Press. Russell, T., 2016. Trust beneficiaries and exemptions from CGT: reflections on the Oswal litigation.Taxation in Australia,51(6), p.296. Woellner, R., Barkoczy, S., Murphy, S., Evans, C. and Pinto, D., 2016. Australian Taxation Law 2016.OUP Catalogue.

As a College Student, Creativity is more important than Knowledge

Upside-Down Question and Exclamation Marks in Spanish

Upside-Down Question and Exclamation Marks in Spanish The upside-down or inverted question marks and exclamation points of Spanish are unique to the languages of Spain. But they make a lot of sense: When youre reading in Spanish, you can tell long before the end of a sentence whether youre dealing with a question, something that isnt always obvious when a sentence doesnt start with a question word such as quà © (what) or quià ©n (who).   Upside-Down Question Marks Not Always at Start of Sentence The important thing to remember  is that the inverted question mark (or exclamation) goes at the beginning part of the question (or exclamation), not at the beginning of the sentence if the two are different. See these examples: Pablo,  ¿adà ³nde vas? (Pablo, where are you going?)Quiero saber,  ¿cundo es tu cumpleaà ±os?  (I want to know, when is your birthday?)Estoy cansado,  ¿y tà º? (Im tired, are you?)Eso,  ¿es verdad? (That, is it true?)Sin embargo,  ¡tengo frà ­o! (Nevertheless, Im cold!)Pues,  ¡llegà ³ la hora! (Well, its about time!) Note that the question or exclamation part does not begin with a capitalized letter unless its a word that would normally be capitalized, such as a persons name. Note also that if words not part of the question come after the question, then the closing question mark still comes at the end:  ¿Adà ³nde vas, Pablo?  (Where are you going, Pablo?)Pablo,  ¿adà ³nde vas, mi amigo?  (Pablo, where are you going, my friend?) ¡Eres la mejor, Angelina! (Youre the best, Angelina!) If a sentence is a question and an exclamation at the same time, something for which the English language has no good written equivalent, it is possible to combine the question and exclamation marks in ways shown below. The Royal Spanish Academy prefers the usage in the third and fourth items:  ¿Cà ³mo lo hace! How does she do it? (To translate the Spanish well, this might be said in an incredulous tone. An alternate translation might be I dont see how she does it!) ¡Me quieres? You love me? (The punctuation may indicate a lack of belief in what is being responded to.) ¡Ã‚ ¿Quà © veste?! What are you seeing? (The tone of voice may suggest What in the world do you see?) ¿Ã‚ ¡Quà © ests diciendo!? What are you saying? (The tone of voice may indicate disbelief.) To indicate an extremely strong exclamation, it is acceptable to use two or three exclamation points but not more:  ¡Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¡Idiota!!! (Idiot!)Es imposible.  ¡Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¡No lo creo.!!! (Its impossible. I cant believe it! Word Order in Questions Most questions begin with an  interrogative pronoun  such as  quà ©Ã‚  or on interrogative adverb such as  cà ³mo. In nearly all such cases, the opening question word is followed by the verb and then the subject, which will be a noun or pronoun. Of course, it is common to omit the subject if it isnt needed for clarity.  ¿Dà ³nde jugarà ­an los nià ±os? (Where would the children play? Dà ³nde is the interrogative adverb, jugarà ­an is the verb, and the subject is nià ±os.) ¿Quà © significa tu nombre? (What does your name mean?) ¿Cà ³mo comen los insectos? (How do insects eat?) If the verb has an direct object and the subject is not stated, the object typically comes before the verb if it would in the equivalent English sentence:  ¿Cuntos insectos comià ³ la araà ±a? (How many insects did the spider eat? Insectos is the direct object of comià ³.) ¿Quà © tipo de celular prefieres? (Which type of cellphone do you prefer? Tipo de celular is the direct object of prefieres.) ¿Dà ³nde venden ropa guatemalteca? (Where do they sell Guatemalan clothing. Ropa guatemalteca is the direct object of venden.) If the question has a stated subject and an object, it is common to use a verb-object-subject word order if the object is shorter than the subject and a verb-subject-object order if the subject is shorter. If theyre of similar length, either order is acceptable.  ¿Dà ³nde venden ropa los mejores diseà ±adores de moda? (Do the best fashion designers sell clothing? The subject, los mejores disenà ±adores de moda, is much longer than the object, ropa.) ¿Dà ³nde compran los estudiantes los libros de quà ­mica farmacà ©utica? (Where do the students buy the pharmaceutical chemistry books? The subject, los estudiantes, is shorter than the object, los libros de quà ­mica farmacà ©utica.)

Core Competencies required for all Rehab Registered Nurses Research Paper

Core Competencies required for all Rehab Registered Nurses - Research Paper Example Many nurses have been credited for playing significant roles in elevating the rehabilitation concepts. In the year 1854, Florence Nightingale was the significant figure to introduce rehabilitation concepts in England. Notably, during this period, rehabilitation practices reduced mortality rates particularly during the Crimean War. Isabel Adams Hampton introduced the rehabilitation practices and principles in North America between 1860 and 1910. In emphasizing the underlying principles and practices of rehabilitations, Hampton pointed out that it is important to be clean and asepsis throughout the rehabilitation processes in order to reduce chances of secondary infections (Association of Rehabilitation Nurses, n.d.). Therefore, it vital for the rehabilitation nurses to remain clean all through the practice as well as maintaining cleanliness within and about the rehabilitation structures. The hygiene among the key principle of nursing rehabilitation can only be achieved by meeting comp etency requirements. It should be noted that rehabilitation is the process of recovery or adaptation whereby on a person suffering from functionality or disabling limiting conditions that may be irreversible or temporary, participates to regain maximum independence, functionality, and restoration. Rehabilitation services or programs aims at assisting a person to help from trauma or illness resulting from loss of functions that may include physical, social, psychological, and vocation (Mauk, n.d.). According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI) (2007), rehabilitation is the process that aims at restoring an individual’s mental or physical ability lost from injuries or diseases. Rehabilitation processes may be short lived or may be practiced on an individual for the rest of their lives depending on the extent and nature of injury. Goals of a rehabilitation practices are often defined within the goals that are mutually established within each individual’s practice of re habilitation (Association of Rehabilitation Nurses, n.d.). Additionally, the underlying practices and principles within each defined rehabilitation process are often guided by the development care plan that is available or developed by a rehab nurse (Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson at el, 2011). In other words, the rehabilitation practices or goals are defined within the desired results for each rehabilitation client. The entire rehabilitation team often share or concentrate on a particular rehab area thereby sharing similar goals for the same client. The most vital purposes of the rehabilitation include maximizing self-dependence, self-care, restoring and maintaining functions, encouraging adaptation, and preventing complications (Mauk, n.d.). There are numerous goals and objectives of undertaking rehabilitation measures; however, a particular practice is often pegged on the desired outcome as per the care planning forwarded by the interdisciplinary team. Competencies and Cert ification The Basic Rehabilitation Nursing Practices Competencies were published in the 1994 by the ARN. The manual was produced to help in precept or educate, teach, and orientate new nurses on the requirements and principles of rehabilitation. The understanding of the rehabilitation was divided into three stages that cover a total of twelve months (Mauk, n.d.). Each phase has its own training goals and objects towards competency. The first phase incorporates a three months training where the

Abraham Lincoln Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Abraham Lincoln - Research Paper Example The article has also discussed about his role in binding both the North and the South and peace which has been brought due to his efforts. However, despite his mild and good-hearted character, his followers seem to be provoked on his death and efforts were made subsequently to change his character and his nature. For example, many attempted to make a pious and religious man despite the fact that he was not interested in being following religion the way people were following it. (Time) Article by Jon Swaine which appeared in Telegraph on Feb 11, 2011 suggested that till his last days, Lincoln wanted free black slaves to be shipped to British colonies. This article suggests that though Lincoln was an anti-slavery politician who took practical efforts to denounce slavery in the country and freed four million slaves in America however, was interested in idea of sending slaves to British colonies. The overall purpose of this idea was to disallow blacks to live among American whites. This therefore creates an impression that Lincoln was supporter of colonialism and relatively held racist views about blacks. This article attempts to challenge one of the key assumptions about Lincoln and his overall images which emerged over the period of time. (Swaine) The article â€Å"Lincoln Reconsidered† discusses about his time as a politician before and during civil war. This essay argues about the basic political philosophies of Lincoln and argues against the popular notion that Lincoln was an archetypal republican and a person who attempted to reconstruct the ideological differences between different groups within the country. Author therefore gives an entirely different version about the way he considers Lincoln as the republican or not. Author argues that it was not only Lincoln who was advocating against slavery and other ills of American society at that time but Newspapers as well as other Republicans were also voicing same concerns. (Holt) The above articles

The World Is Flat Flattener Information Technology Essay

The World Is Flat Flattener Information Technology Essay The World Is Flat is an international bestselling book by Thomas Friedman that analyzes globalization, primarily in the early 21st century. The title is a metaphor for viewing the world as a level playing field in terms of commerce, where all competitors have an equal opportunity. Globalization became more prominent during the last decades. Friedman argues that globalization made the world smaller and flatter, allowing all countries to take chance of the available opportunities equally. As Friedman describes in The World is Flat there are three eras of globalization and ten flatteners which made the world smaller, making it easier to communicate and share our knowledge. This paper deals with the flattener number 2 i.e.; When the NetScape went Public and associated developments after 2003 till date. Background Thomas Lauren Friedman is an American journalist, columnist and author and has won the Pulitzer Prize three times. In his famous book The World is Flat he identifies three eras of globalization. The first era, called Globalization 1.0,between the years 1492, when Columbus set out to discover a new trade route to the New World, and 1800, made the world fall in size from large to medium. During this period, the strength of a country was based on the number of horsepower or the number of steam engines owned, compared with other countries. The second period Globalization 2.0, between the years 1800 and 2000, decreased the size of the world, from medium to low. Multinational companies were the integration force, and the power was given to a company by the level of innovation in the field of machinery and equipment. Last era Globalization 3.0 began around the year 2000. If the first two periods led to globalization at the country level and, later, at the company level, this new period favorized reduction to a very small world, flattening the playing field and putting the individual in the centre(Friedman, 2007, pp 25-26). Globalization has been maintained by the action of some flattening factors that favoured the levelling of the World and the emergence of some opportunities that could increase welfare if successfully exploited. One of these factors is the event on 09/08/1995, the Netscape Company was to give life the Internet by creating the first commercially and well known web browser, facilitating web browsing culture definition to general public. Objectives The main objective of this paper is to investigate the contribution and after effects of flattener number 2 in make the world flatten during the period 2003 to 2012. Methodology Data for this report were gathered from 3rd December 2012 to 18th January 2013. The data was collected by research online and in college library. Procedure The procedure involved in analysis of the facts and authentication of information given in each report and article available in online and in college library. The main agenda is to capture all the contribution and after effects of Netscape internet explorer in making the world flatten from 2003 to till date. Findings Flattener #2 is shifting us from a PC-based platform to an Internet-based platform. The concept of World Wide Web was developed by British computer scientist Berners-Lee. Berners-Lee is someone who certainly helped to flatten the world. Berners-Lee explains that the web is an imaginary space of information. On the Net, we will find computers and the connections are cables between computers. On the Web, we will find documents, videos, sounds etc like information and the connections are hypertext links. The Web exists because of programs which communicate between computers on the Net. People are really interested in information; they dont really want to have to know about computers and cables. In the early 1990s, Berners-Lee created the programming language for writing WebPages called HTML. The 1st website by Berners-Lee was at http://info.cern.ch and was 1st put up on August 6, 1991. It was the 1st website ever. It explained how the WWW worked, how one could own a browser, and how setting up a Web server. 1st widely popular commercial browser was created by a tiny start-up company in Mountain View, California, called Netscape. Netscape went public on August 9, 1995 at the price of $28. Netscape and the Web broadened the audience for the Internet from its roots as a communications medium used primarily by early adopters and geeks to something that made the Internet accessible to everyone from five-year-olds to ninety-five-year-olds. The digitization that took place meant that everyday occurrences such as words, files, films, music, and pictures could be accessed and manipulated on a computer screen by all people across the world. The more alive the Internet became, the more different people wanted to do different things on the Web. So people demanded computers, s/w and telecommunications networks. This demand was satisfied by the rollout of Windows 95. Windows 95 become the operating system used by most people worldwide. Friedman recognizes the publication of Netscape and Windows 95 as a huge flattening force. What Netscape did was bring a new killer app -the browser to this installed base of PCs, making the computer and its connectivity inherently more useful for millions of people. This in turn set off an explosion in demand for all things digital and sparked the Internet boom. This development, in turn, wired the whole world together, and without, anyone really planning it, made Bangalore a suburb of Boston. Now Netscape is known as Firefox. The second flattener gave people a way to cheaply distribute and retrieve content digitally. Basically, the second flattener consisted of 3 events: (1) The Internet emerged (low-cost connectivity among PC users); (2) The World Wide Web emerged (PC users can post their digital content for anyone to access); and (3) The commercial Web Browser emerged (PC users can retrieve documents or Web pages stored in Web sites). Everyone could use the Internet, thus consumers wanted more to do on the Internet. One of the benefits of Netscape was it was available to everyone and people didnt have to continually pay for it (after they bought the browser). The Internet boom leads to over-investments. For instance, the fiber-optic cable companies invested in making mass amounts of fiber-optic systems. The companies didnt realize that almost everyone was using the Internet and they didnt need to make anymore fiber-optic systems. Netscape was the first highly successful browser, and it could work on an IBM PC, an Apple MacIntosh, or a Unix computer, insuring that people could communicate with each other no matter what computer they were on. Netscapes browser made millions of existing computers and connectivity much more useful, and reinforced the free flow of information. Freidman concludes that browser technology was one of the most important inventions in modern history. Together with the Internet and Web, Netscape allowed more people to communicate and interact with each other than had ever happened in the world before. There is an interesting quote when you give people a new way to connect with other people, they will punch through any technical barrierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦people are wired to want to connect with other people and they find it objectionable not to be able to. (Marc Andreessen : The World is Flat : 65) Lets look at each one of these developments. Marc Andreessen, a brilliant young computer scientist, developed the 1st really effective, easy-to-use Web browser, called Mosaic. His company called Mosaic Communications later renamed to Netscape communications. Marc Andreessen did not invent the Internet or the World Wide Web, but he certainly played a historic role in helping to bring them alive. Netscapes 1st commercial browser was released in December 1994, and within a year it completely dominated the market. People were downloading it for 3-month trials. Thus Netscape played important flattening role. In addition to the Netscape browser, other standardizations further simplified communications among computers. Berners Lee and other scientists had developed a series of open protocols mainly FTP, HTTP,HTML,SSL,SMTP,POP, and TCP/IP. Together they form a system for transporting data around the Internet and World Wide Web in a relatively secure manner, no matter what network your company or household has or what computer or cell phone or handheld device you are using. Each protocol had a different function. TCP/IP was the basic plumbing of the Internet, or the basic railroad tracks, on which everything else above it was built and moved around. FTP moved files. SMTP and POP moved e-mail messages, so that they could be written and read on different e-mail systems. HTML allowed ordinary people to author Web pages. HTTP enabled people to connect to HTML documents on Web. SSL provide security for Web-based transactions. By the late 1990s the Internet computing platform became integrated. Soon anyone was able to connect with anyone else anywhere on any machine. This integration was a huge flattener. Generally, people take long time to change their habits and learn new technology. But in the case of Internet, they did it quickly and ten years later there were 800 million people on the internet, because people always want to connect with other people. People will change their habits quickly when they have a strong reason to do so, and people have an innate urge to connect with other people. (Marc Andreessen : The World is Flat : 65) Flattener 2 is responsible for the birth of AOL (Netscape was sold to AOL), newer versions of PC-Windows, Google, Yahoo and dot.com boom. Netscape going public stimulated a lot of things. one is, degree of overinvestment. Every sillier and sillier idea got funded. Digitization made investors to believe that demand for internet usage and internet-related products would be infinite. Digitization is a magic process by which words, music, data, films, files and pictures are turn into bits and bytes- combinations of 1s and 0s- that can be manipulated on a computer screen, stored on a microprocessor, or transmitted over satellites and fiber-optic lines. Thus mail digitized as e-mail, camera to digital camera, buy and browse books digitally on amazon.com, digital library, digitized music.. In a news conference at 1999 World Economic Forum, Microsoft chairman Bill Gates told that these Internet stocks going to drive innovation faster and faster. Gates compared Internet to the gold rush. The Internet stock boom causes overinvestment in fiber-optic cable companies. They laid massive amounts of fiber-optic cable on land and under the oceans, which reduced cost of making a phone call or transmitting data anywhere in the world. The 1st installation of a fiber-optic system was in 1977.Optcal cables can carry digitized packets of information over long distances. Fiber-optic cable is used for secure communications, because it is very difficult to tap. The capacity of all the already installed fiber cables just keeps growing, making it cheaper and easier to transmit voices and data to any part of the world. The first transoceanic fiber-optic cables were laid between the United States, United Kingdom and France in 1988. The first transpacific cables were laid down in 1989 and connected the U.S., Hawaii, Guam and Japan. Fiber optic cables made it possible for Web users to connect and communicate with people at long distances. The installation of under-water cables was the first step to uniting all corners of the world. The perception of distance became much smaller. Now anyone could get on the Internet and communicate with someone half way around the world in less than seconds. Not only could you just talk to oth er countries, but with advancements in computer capabilities, you could also have a face to face conversation with them. The world became much smaller and flatter. *Smith, D. R. (2004). Digital Transmission Systems. Norwell, Ma: Kluwer Academic Publishing. The dot-com bubble was created by over-estimated values of Internet companies. Everyone jumped on the band wagon when the expected profits seemed to just keep growing. People were investing with the faith that one day those companies would reach their quota and so much more. In 2000 to 2001, the bubble burst, which resulted in a drop in investments and economic growth (Becker, 2008).* One of the biggest fall-outs was in the business of fiber optic cables. Everyone underestimated the efficiency and capabilities of fiber optic cables. When they turned out to have a much larger capacity than companies needed it became practically free to use them. This created opportunities for countries who couldnt afford to buy the cables outright. India was one such country that used the access of the Internet to globalize very fast in order to catch up with the rest of the world, and catch up they did. *Becker, A. (2008). Electronic commerce: concepts, methodologies, tools and applications (Vol. I). Hershey, Pa: Information Science Reference. It also allowed the telecommunications giants such as the Baby Bells and ATT to provide both phone service and infrastructure for internet. Global crossing was founded in 1977 by Gary Winnick and went public the next year. The telecom deregulation of 1996 allowed local exchange carriers to build their own data transmission capacities. The Internet-e-mail-browser phase flattened the earth a little bit more. In short, the Apple-PC-Windows phase and Netscape browsing-e-mail phase together enabled communication and interaction with people anywhere on the planet. Now thanks to the internet, we dont have to travel distances to meet face to face since we are interconnected with everyone everywhere. The day Netscape went public opened up the World Wide Web so that almost anyone could navigate the Internet without problems. This user-friendly browser made accessing the plethora of information on the Internet open to everyone. There existed browsers for searching the web prior to Netscape, but they were not as simple and easy to use. Now anyone who could read had access to the internet. Knowledge is power, and people got addicted to this easy learning tool. It gave individuals the power to take their lives into their own hands. The dot-com boom created a new and very different world. A world runs more by innovative individuals than by corporations. The birth of Mozilla On February 23, 1998, Netscape Communications Corporation created a project called Mozilla to co-ordinate the development of the Mozilla Application Suite, the open source version of Netscapes internet software, Netscape Communicator. Mozilla is a free software community best known for producing the Firefox web browser. The Mozilla community uses, develops, spreads and supports Mozilla products and works to advance the goals of the Open Web described in the Mozilla Manifesto. In addition to the Firefox browser, Mozilla also produces Firefox Mobile, the Firefox OS mobile operating system, the bug tracking system Bugzilla and a number of other projects. Originally, Mozilla aimed to be a technology provider for companies, such as Netscape, who would commercialize their open source code. When Netscapes parent company AOL drastically scaled back its involvement with Mozilla in July 2003, the Mozilla Foundation was launched as the legal steward of the project. Soon after, Mozilla deprecated the Mozilla Suite in favour of creating independent applications for each function, primarily the Firefox web browser and the Thunderbird email client, and moved to supply them direct to the public. Recently, Mozillas activities have expanded to include Firefox on mobile platforms, primarily Android, a mobile OS called Firefox OS, a web-based identity system called Mozilla Persona and a marketplace for HTML5 applications. In a report released in November of 2012, Mozilla reported that their total revenue for 2011 was $163 million, which was up 33% from $123 million in 2010. Mozilla noted that roughly 85% of their revenue comes from their contract with Google. Introduction of new free web browser Firefox Mozilla Firefox is a free and open source web browser developed for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Linux and Android coordinated by Mozilla Corporation and Mozilla Foundation. Firefox uses the Gecko layout engine to render web pages, which implements current and anticipated web standards. Gecko is a free and open source layout engine used in many applications developed by Mozilla. It is designed to support open Internet standards, and is used by different applications to display web pages and, in some cases, an applications user interface itself. Gecko offers a rich programming API that makes it suitable for a wide variety of roles in Internet-enabled applications, such as web browsers, content presentation, and client/server. Gecko is written in C++ and is cross-platform, and runs on various operating systems including BSDs, Linux, Mac OS X, Solaris, OS/2, AIX, OpenVMS, and Microsoft Windows. Its development is now overseen by the Mozilla Foundation and is licensed under version 2 of the Mozilla Public License. Gecko is the third most-common layout engine on the World Wide Web, As of October 2012, Firefox has approximately 20% to 24% of worldwide usage share of web browsers, making it the second or third most widely used web browser, according to different sources. According to Mozilla, Firefox counts with over 450 million users around the world. The browser has had particular success in Indonesia, Germany, and Poland, where it is the most popular browser with 65%, 47% and 47% of the market share, respectively. The Firefox project began as an experimental branch of the Mozilla project by Dave Hyatt, Joe Hewitt and Blake Ross. They believed the commercial requirements of Netscapes sponsorship and developer-driven feature creep compromised the utility of the Mozilla browser. To combat what they saw as the Mozilla Suites software bloat, they created a stand-alone browser, with which they intended to replace the Mozilla Suite. On April 3, 2003, the Mozilla Organization announced that they planned to change their focus from the Mozilla Suite to Firefox and Thunderbird. The Firefox project has undergone several name changes. Originally titled Phoenix, it was renamed because of trademark problems with Phoenix Technologies. The replacement name, Firebird, provoked an intense response from the Firebird free database software project. In response, the Mozilla Foundation stated that the browser should always bear the name Mozilla Firebird to avoid confusion with the database software. After further pressure from the database servers development community, on February 9, 2004, Mozilla Firebird became Mozilla Firefox, often referred to as simply Firefox. Mozilla prefers that Firefox be abbreviated as Fx or fx, though it is often abbreviated as FF. The Firefox project went through many versions before version 1.0 was released on November 9, 2004.On October 5, 2012, Mozilla released the Metro interface version of Firefox, included in the Nightly 18 build, to be used in Windows 8. In a flat world, the importance of comparative advantage disappears. Bhagwati (2010) argued that, although global capital markets led to decreasing interest rate differences between different countries and even multinational companies have facilitated technology transfer between countries, the differences remain due to culture and politics. An example is the political regime from China, which has undermined software development. PC (Communist Party) in China is irreconcilable with the PC (personal computer) of U.S. origin. But unlike China, which occupies a leading position in hardware production, India is better at programming and not at the hardware, thanks to the recently opened Indian autarchic regime following the 1991 reforms (Guha and Ray 2004, pp 301-302). The other obstacle in the flattening process, but an obstacle which can both accelerate or decelerate the global integration, is the national culture. The more resistant to globalization the local culture is, the higher the chances of isolation are and the probability that the community will crush because of the internal conflicts. Rà ©gis Debray (in Matthew, 2007) lists two reasons behind the crisis of the world culture: rapid population growth and the local retreat which the technological globalization is fuelling as the world begins to resemble more, the people are trying to distinguish between them more through local cultures, leading to an increased nationalistic feeling. The fierce criticism of the flattening earth theory is related to increased income disparities, both in developing and developed countries. For example, the poor countries, where the financial markets restrict access to capital for people with low incomes, the investments are extremely low and growth is inhibited. Thus, globalization tends to favour increased income disparities, since the main beneficiaries of globalization are those that have already wealthy capital and higher education or, at the country level, citizens of developed countries, where are healthy and stable institutions. Birdsall (2005, p. 33-36) proposes reforming global institutions like the World Bank or International Monetary Fund, so they can truly represent the interests of poor countries. They are the ones that have mechanisms to manage the implementation of a social contract model to increase access to educational opportunities for the poor and creating sound and stable institutions in developing countries. F or now, the votes are non-democratically allocated in these institutions. Europeans always choose the IMF president and Americans the WB president. In addition, most of the time, people in their management have no experience in solving the problems they face, since the holding of such functions are not related to previous work experience (Stiglitz, 2006, September 10). The Birdsalls second recommendation proposes the creation of global rules that correct market failures, environmental protection (eg Kyoto Protocol), support markets from poor countries to overcome financial risks (IMF) and deter corruption and other anticompetitive practices. The same argument the disparities of income growth was brought by Stiglitz (2006, September 10) to contradict Friedmans vision. He said that globalization can be felt only in terms of transport and communications costs decrease. Regarding economic development, he gave the example of the Republic of Moldova that although it experiences a transition period from communist regime, its GDP has decreased by 70% in 2005 and has spent about three quarters of GDP for foreign debt. Internet Abuse The internet has become a fundamental part of many peoples day-to-day working lives. As with the introduction of other mass communication technologies, issues surrounding use, abuse and addiction in the workplace have surfaced (Griffiths, 2002; Weatherbee, 2009). It is not uncommon for office workers to spend workplace time on various non-work activities (e.g. booking holidays, shopping online, bidding in online auctions, e-mailing friends/romantic partners, etc.). According to a survey by the International Data Corporation (Snapshot Spy, 2008), up to 40 per cent of internet access in the workplace is spent on non-work related browsing, and 60 per cent of all online purchases are made during working hours. The same survey also reported that 90 per cent of employees felt the internet can be addictive, and 41 per cent admitted to personal internet surfing at work for more than three hours per week. Internet abuse at work can lead to a decrease in productivity, network clogging, and an increase in the incidents of security breaches at an organization (Pee et al., 2008; Clayburgh and Nazareth, 2009; Weatherbee, 2009). Activities and consequences such as these highlight that internet abuse is a potentially serious cause of concern for employers. It has been claimed that excessive internet use can be pathological and addictive (Widyanto and Griffiths, 2006) and that such behaviour comes under the more generic label of technological addiction (Griffiths, 1995, 1998). It has been argued that behavioural addictions are no different from chemical addictions (e.g. alcoholism, and heroin addiction) in terms of the core components of addiction such as salience, tolerance, withdrawal, mood modification, conflict, and relapse. Research into internet addiction suggests that it does indeed exist but that it affects only a very small minority of users (Widyanto and Griffiths, 2006, 2009). These are usually people who use internet chat rooms or play fantasy role playing games activities that they would not engage in except on the internet itself. To some extent, these internet users are engaged in text-based virtual realities and take on other social personas and social identities as a way of making them feel good about themselves. In such cases, the medium of the internet may provide an alternative reality to the user and allow them feelings of immersion and anonymity, feelings that may lead to an altered state of consciousness for the user. This in itself may be highly psychologically and/or physiologically rewarding. There appear to be many people who use the internet excessively but are not addicted as measured by addiction criteria. Most people researching in the field have failed to use stringent criter ia for measuring addiction (Widyanto and Griffiths, 2006). Internet as an advertising medium Internet penetration rate in the U.S. reached 67.8% in 2005 (Internet World Stats, 2005), which translated to $133.3 billion in e-commerce revenues (Kumar Shah, 2004). In April 2006 the penetration rate hit new high and reached 73% (Madden, 2006). Broadband penetration in the U.S. rose to 63.8% in October 2005 and is expected to reach 70% in 2006 (U.S. Passes Singapore to 15th, 2005). The growing availability and usage of Internet, particularly broadband Internet, has created a large audience for Internet advertising. More people are spending more time online. The Internet has reached well beyond the critical mass to be considered a medium economically viable for advertisers. The uncertainty that once hung over online commerce has given way to steady, or even robust, growth (Hyland, 2004). Internet companies, as well as traditional firms selling online, are making real revenue. A research study in 2004 showed that 79% of online retailers were making money, with a 21% average margin (Ramsey, 2004). It is expected total online sales in 2006 will increase 20% to $211 billion (Online sales expected to rise, 2006). With the rise of Internet audiences and online e-commerce activities, the Internet is prospering as an advertising medium. Internet advertising revenues in the United States totaled more than $1.5 billion in 2005, a 30% increase over 2004 (Interactive Advertising Bureau [IAB], 2006). Internet advertising accounted for about 5% of total U.S. advertising revenues in 2005 and nearly matched total consumer magazine advertising. Web Accessibility Few people are aware of the term web accessibility. In the short-life time of the web visual aesthetics has been the design goal, rather than equal access. Web accessibility is the practice of making web sites accessible to people who require more than just traditional web browsers to access the internet. For example, a visually impaired user can use a screen reader to translate text and graphics on the computer screen to an audio format so the user hears the screen content via a speech synthesizer or sound card. An accessible web site is designed to accommodate a wider set of ways users can access the site. However, designing a web site with accessibility not only serves people with disabilities, but also results in a wider set of benefits for everyone. Twitter New media for information sharing Twitter is a micro blogging service commands more than 41 million users as of July 2009 and is growing fast. Twitter users tweet about any topic within the 140-character limit and follow others to receive their tweets. Twitter has emerged as a new medium in spotlight through recent happenings, such as an American student jailed in Egypt and the US Airways plane crash on the Hudson river. Twitter users follow others or are followed. Unlike on most online social networking sites, such as Facebook or MySpace, the relationship of following and being followed requires no reciprocation. A user can follow any other user, and the user being followed need not follow back. Being a follower on Twitter means that the user receives all the messages (called tweets) from those the user follows. Common practice of responding to a tweet has evolved into well-defined mark-up culture: RT stands for retweet, @ followed by a user identifier address the user, and # followed by a word represents a hashtag. This well-defined mark-up vocabulary combined with a strict limit of 140 characters per posting conveniences users with brevity in expression. The retweet mechanism empowers users to spread information of their choice beyond the reach of the original tweets followers. Social Network A social network is a social structure made up of a set of actors such as individuals or organizations and the dyadic ties between these actors. The social network perspective provides a clear way of analyzing the structure of whole social entities. The study of these structures uses social network analysis to identify local and global patterns, locate influential entities, and examine network dynamics. In 2002, social networking hit really its stride with the launch of Friendster. Friendster used a degree of separation concept similar to that of the now-defunct SixDegrees.com, refined it into a routine dubbed the Circle of Friends wherein the pathways connecting two people are displayed, and promoted the idea that a rich online community can exist only between people who truly have common bonds. And it ensured there were plenty of ways to discover those bonds. An interface that shared many of the same traits one would find at an online dating site certainly didnt seem to hurt. (CEO Jonathan Abrams actually refers to his creation as a dating site that isnt about dating.) And, just a year after its launch, Friendster boasted more than three million registered users and a ton of investment interest. Though the service has since seen more than its fair share of technical difficulties, questionable management decisions, and a resulting drop in its North American fortunes, it remains a force in Asia and, curiously, a near-necessity in the Philippines. Introduced just a year later in 2003, LinkedIn took a decidedly more serious, sober approach to the social networking phenomenon. Rather than being a mere playground for former classmates, teenagers, and cyberspace Don Juans, LinkedIn was, and still is, a networking resource for businesspeople who want to connect with other professionals. In fact, LinkedIn contacts are referred to as connections. Today, LinkedIn boasts more than 175 million members. More than tripling that number, according to recent estimates, is MySpace, also launched in 2003. Though it no longer resides upon the social networking throne in many English-speaking countries that honour now belongs to Facebook just about everywhere MySpace remains the perennial favourite in the USA. It does so by tempting the key young adult demographic with music, music videos, and a funky, feature-filled enviro

Stand Up And Fight :: essays research papers

I have a right to be angry. I grew up in Mobile, AL. When I was young, this place was almost all White. Everywhere I went I saw only my own people. I could ride my bicycle anywhere without fear. There were no gangs, or drugs, or drive-by shootings, or anything. The kind of guys we were afraid of in school would be total wimps today. That country felt like home. It was a home. All that is gone now. As I drive through the town where I grew up, half the cars have foreigners in them. The other half have aging Whites. The houses have fences around their front yards, with spiked arrowheads on top. On the street corners there are mini-malls with strange writing on the signs, in Chinese or Arabic or God knows what. I recently saw something that made me ill. An old man was walking down the street. He had a long flowing gray beard, and a turban, and the whole bit. He must have been from India. I thought, what the hell is he doing here in my country ? Why doesn't he stay in his own country ? He has his own homeland to live in. I do not want him here. Once, I went into Pep Boys. Behind me, I heard two voices talking in some strange garbled language that I had never heard before. I turned around and it was two White kids. I think they must have been from Eastern Europe. I felt ill. Now even the Whites are strangers. That affected more than all the rest. I do not want to live in a place where everyone is a FREAK ! I want to live in a place where I have some grounding. I do not want to live in a place where everything is always in flux. I want to live in a home. I do not want to live here anymore. All of this is being done to us. What we want counts for nothing. We live in a phony republic. The people here have about as much power as a student body government. This reminds me of what happens to European countries when they lose a war. Provinces along the border are split off and given to other countries. Foreigners move in, and the people are oppressed and become second class citizens. California and the whole West Coast are being turned over to Mexico and Asia as settlement colonies.

Henri Bergson

HENRI BERGSON History of Ideas 2012 To: Sir Asad Shahzad 10/21/2012 GROUP MEMBERS: * AMMARAH MASROOR-12779 * ASFIA AZIZ-12718 * SYEDA AREEBA TARIQ-13055 SUBMITTED TO: SIR ASAD SHAHZAD DATE: 21/OCT/2012 TOPIC| PAGE| Henri Bergson – Introduction| 2| Bergson’s Intuition| 3| Intuition: Definition, Explanation, A small practice that led to Intuition| 4| Example, Sinking into Intuition, Explanation| 5| Another Example, Explanation, Intuition as Philosophical Method| 6| Intuition as Philosophical Method| 7|Bergson’s Time and Free Will| 8| TABLE OF CONTENTS: Time and Free Will: Space| 9| Time| 10| Past and Present| 11| Free Will and Determinism| 12| Bergson’s Creative Evolution| 15| Meaning of Evolution| 16| Creative Evolution: Definition, Essence of Life, Elan Vital, Book| 18| Comparison between Darwin’s Theory of Mechanical Evolution and Bergson’s Theory of Creative Evolution| 19| Critics| 22| References| 23| HENRI BERGSON:Introduction: Henri Bergs on (1859–1941) was one of the most famous and influential French philosophers of the late 19th century-early 20th century. Bergson was born in Paris on October 18, 1859; he was the second of seven children of a Polish Father and English mother; both of his parents were Jewish. Bergson was a notably exceptional pupil throughout his childhood. Like his German contemporary, Edmund Husserl, Bergson's original training was in mathematics.Although his international fame reached cult-like heights during his lifetime, his influence decreased notably after the Second World War While such French thinkers as Merleau-Ponty, Sartre, and Levinas explicitly acknowledged his influence on their thought, it is generally agreed that it was Gilles Deleuze's 1966  Bergsonism  that marked the reawakening of interest in Bergson's work. Deleuze realized that Bergson's most enduring contribution to philosophical thinking is his concept of multiplicity. Bergson's concept of multiplicity attempts t o unify in a consistent way two contradictory features: heterogeneity and continuity.Many philosophers today thinks that this concept of multiplicity, despite its difficulty, is revolutionary. It is revolutionary because it opens the way to a reconception of community. (www. plato. stanford. edu) BERGSON’S INTUITION BY: SYEDA AREEBA TARIQ HENRI BERGSON: He wrote a book ‘THE CREATIVE MIND’ in 1946. This book is an introduction to metaphysics which consist of collection of essays and lectures concerning the nature of intuition, explaining how intuition can be used as a philosophical method. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy in which the nature of being and world is taken into context.Whereas, two important questions are answered 1. what is there? And 2. what is it like? I would be explaining what intuition according to Bergson is and why it is called philosophical method. INTUITION: DEFINITION OF INTUITION: * An immediate cognition of object not inferred or d etermined by a previous cognition of the same object. * Untaught pure knowledge. EXPLANATION: Philosophical definition of intuition says that it is an immediate process of knowing of some object not by reasoning or analyzing the previous knowing of the same object.It is therefore, said to be pure or untaught knowledge that one acquires at an instant. ACCORDING TO BERGSON: According to Henry Bergson intuition is described as a method of ‘thinking in duration' which reflects the continuous flow of reality. A SMALL PRACTICE THAT LED TO INTUITION: Once he was rolling and unrolling thread and said that this represent man’s sense of mortality and the continual gain of new memory; a spectrum of a thousand shades with a current of feeling running through them, collecting and retaining them, to represent how all the moments are heterogeneous.The human has tendency to build new memories and retain them. He said that human memory has stored thousand of new things different from th e one formed and the one that will form every time if they go through the process of knowing. EXAMPLE: Example that he gave was of a piece of elastic which is contracted than drawn out to its limit and we can observe that there is a flow. The elastic produces a line which grows long and long presents that something is pure indivisible mobile unit. SINKING INTO INTUITION: He says that this is duration which can’t be divided.It is the qualitative not quantitative it has multiplicity yet unity and is mobile and continuously penetrating itself. He even says that duration can’t be represented by concept. One cannot experience the feeling if just a concept is there. One can’t grasp duration with concept. But duration is grasped only by intuition. By which one is transported into an object to grasp what is unique and ineffable (can’t describe in word) within it. Intuition is a complete philosophical method that involves placing oneself within the Duration, and e xpanding it into a continuous heterogeneity.EXAMPLE: Take an example a person has captured lots of picture of CBM from different angles and a poet has composed a poem over life here but one cannot replicate the feeling of being in CBM itself whereas the poem can never give the dimensional value of walking in CBM. EXPLANATION: Thus any concept given cannot grasp duration flow of real time but intuition can grasp duration. One can sink into the other object by having intuition an instant knowledge which is unique can’t be explained is gain by person which forms a new memory.Thus intuition is a direct perception and experience of the continuous flow of reality, without the use of any concepts the flow of time as real duration can be experienced only by intuition. ANOTHER EXAMPLE: He uses the example of an artist who makes a series of sketches of Notre Dame in Paris. â€Å"Now at the bottom of all the sketches made in Paris, the stranger will probably write ‘Paris’ by way of reminder. And as he has really seen Paris, he will be able, by descending from the original intuition of the whole, to place his sketches in it and thus arrange them in relation to one another.But there is no way of performing the opposite operation; even with an infinity of sketches as exact as you like, even with the word ‘Paris’ to indicate that they must bear close connection, it is impossible to travel back to an intuition one has not had, and gain the impression of Paris if one has never seen Paris (201). † EXPLANATION: Here he says that if an artist has sketched a model of a city which he has actually seen and drew him would have knowing of the place which he has transferred to his sketches. He is descending from original intuition in order to place his sketches in it.But if a person who has never seen Paris he cannot enjoy Paris sketches as much as the one who saw in actual would transport himself to the sketches and intuit it as an object. The p erson never seen Paris can never feel like walking into the place rather he would make a new intuition of his one within the duration. A person can form an immediate knowing of object different from the knowing of the same object before by actually being in duration through intuition. Why intuition is called as philosophical method-of transporting into object to grasp what is ineffableIntuition is a method through which one cast off or throws his habits of mind that tries to break duration and thus convert the duration into space. To know anything as whole it’s necessary to intuit rather breaking into bits of pieces. Experience can only come from intuition. We hear melody; we hear the whole, not a series of notes one after another. When we  analyze the melody, we may indeed break it into a number of notes, but we are then analyzing the notes, not the melody. The melody, to be known, must be grasped as a whole. In other words, it must be intuited. Thus, the method of intuiti on is at essence the task of metaphysics.Metaphysics is not a synthesis of knowledge, a sort of piecing together of the notes to form a melody, nor is it analysis, the breaking down of a melody into its component notes. Metaphysics is the  experience of melody. Thus concludes Bergson in his â€Å"Introduction to Metaphysics†: â€Å"Metaphysics has nothing in common with a generalization of experience, and yet it could e defined as the whole of experience (l’experience integral). † BERGSON’S TIME AND FREE WILL BY: ASFIA AZIZ TIME AND FREE WILL (1889) – HENRI BERGSON Henri Bergson in his book has explained various different ideas amongst which the most studied are of * Time and Space The Idea of Pure Duration * Free Will and Determinism I will explain each point in detail. This book has influences Sartre towards Philosophy. This book is also considered to be an anti-thesis to Immanuel Kant. Kant proposed that Freedom is something beyond the circle of time and space. Time and space is considered as ‘same’ to Kant i. e. being homogenous. Bergson on the contrary, differentiates time and space and gives forward the concept of duration, a state in which freedom is experienced. (www. stanford. edu) The explanations have been extracted from his book â€Å"Time and Free will- An essay on the immediate data of consciousness† SPACE:Henri Bergson defines space as being homogenous. It is the same and identical to everyone perceiving it. He says that multiplicity exists in space. Multiplicity is the psychic state of being multiple at the same time. It has a connection with the human mind and reason, because reason enables a person to understand the state of multiplicity. Bergson demonstrates two kinds of multiplicity: 1. Quantitative Multiplicity: When we count physically existing materials and we localize them in space, it is called quantitative multiplicity.No symbolic representation and mental images are formed to p erceive this kind of state, because things exist physically in front of our eyes. (Key Writings, Bergson, continuum, p53) Example, when we count the number of sheep in a flock of sheep, we save images of the previous sheep in our minds as our counting progresses. These images are involuntarily fixed by us at a point in space. 2. Qualitative Multiplicity: This is the analysis of the states of consciousness being multiple when we perceive intangible materials or qualities. Here, formation of mental images and symbolic representation is important.Example, when we hear a noise of footsteps, our minds form a mental image of somebody walking and each of the successive sounds of the steps are localized in space; we count our sensations by localizing them into space and this leads to the demonstration of qualitative multiplicity. (Key Writings, Bergson, continuum p53) By defining the existence of multiplicity in space, Henri Bergson then defines space as: â€Å"Space is what enables us to distinguish a number of identical and simultaneous sensations from one another; it is thus a principle of differentiation† Some people say that simultaneous sensations are never identical.To support this point, Henri Bergson states that when we talk about homogenous medium we are talking about the simultaneity of terms which are identical in quality but are distinct from each other. Henri proposes that the higher the intelligence in a human, the more clear the understanding of homogenous space will be. Men have the special faculty of conceiving space without quality and hence we say that the medium where men localize simultaneous sensations and objects are the same for everyone. (Key Writings, Henri Bergson, continuum, pg 57) TIME:Usually many philosophers take time and space to be the same. But Henri Bergson, differentiates between time and space. For him, there are two kinds of time: * Mathematical time: Mathematical time is the time which is used in sciences by scientists. It is homogenous time which is the same for everyone. This is the time which many philosophers consider as space, as it is homogenous. (ibid, p63) Example, the time in hours, minutes and seconds used to calculate speed of a moving body is mathematical time. It can also be called the clock time. * Real Time or Real Duration:According to Bergson, real time is the time that we experience and it is continuous and flowing. It is heterogeneous as it is the qualitative representation of time that differs from person to person. It is also called the state of real duration defined by Bergson as: â€Å"Pure duration is the form which the succession of our conscious states assumes when ego lets itself live, when it refrains from separating its present state from its former states† To understand this, Bergson said that real duration is the state of mind where our ego dominates.Ego is the self of a person and directs the person’s mind to amalgamate the past states with the present states in an organic whole. In this conscious state, all states of mind permeate into one another to form it as a whole. (ibid, p60) Example, when we hear successive rings of a bell, we perceive that sound to be in a continuous rhythm and do not distinguish each ting of the bell. This amalgamation and permeation of the successive rings of bell into one organic whole is what real duration is all about. Past and Present:When Bergson speaks of the past, he does not mean the past, but our present memory of the past. Present is the only moment in the whole history of the world. Past resides in the present and that also changes the aspirations for future. This permeation of former and present states demonstrates real duration. Example, a man has a best friend and he believes him to have all good characteristics. One day, if he sees his best friend lying to him, all his perceptions about the good characteristics would change.This shows that his present will change his past and future too. This is how real duration is experienced in real life. Quotations by Henri Bergson, â€Å"The present contains nothing more than the past, and what is found in the effect was already in the cause. † â€Å"The idea of future, pregnant with infinity of possibilities, is thus more fruitful than the future itself, and this is why we find more charm in hope than in possession, in dreams than in reality† FREE WILL AND DETERMINISM: Real Duration vindicates human freedom and disposes off the path of determinism.To understand this, we must first understand these two doctrines separately. Determinism: It is a doctrine that all human choices, events and actions have sufficient causes and are pre-determined by the states of mind. For a determinist, freedom of choice is an illusion. This illusion can be presented as, that if a person has to select one branch from a lot of branches; the branch that he selects is a choice that is fully predictable because somewhere at the back of his mind he has the idea of which branch to select. www. informationphilosopher. com) In response to this example, Bergson proposed the idea of free will and said that the above choice is a choice through the formation of a mental image localized in space, which is inadequate to symbolize a choice. Choice is a temporal act for Bergson as it is pertaining to the present and conscious state of mind. Free Will: It is a doctrine that the events and actions of human beings are expressed through personal choices and are not governed by other forces or states of mind.Henri Bergson proposes that through experiencing real duration we can be free. The freedom of choice is fully certified by direct experience says Bergson. He describes free will as, â€Å"A man is free when his act springs spontaneously from his total personality and it has evolved up to the moment of action. If this spontaneity is absent, his action will be stereotyped† When man experiences real duration, he gains possess ion of himself and once self possession is attained, the man acts freely and creatively.Freedom has a strong association with personality or character of an individual. Character and personality changes from different situations which in turn changes our self. To demonstrate this idea, Bergson uses the saying of an English writer Stuart Mill: â€Å"To be conscious of free will must mean to be conscious, before I have decided, that I am able to decide either way† Bergson and other defenders of free will would be of the opinion that, when we perform an action freely, some other action is ‘equally possible’ which we leave and make a choice willingly.When a determinist says that our motives determine our action, Bergson says that motives are conflicting. He says that common sense believes in free will, and motives are not a necessity for defining our actions (Time and Free Will, Bergson, p148). To prove that motives are conflicting, Henri Bergson presents the sayings of Stuart Mill as: â€Å"I could have abstained from murder if my aversion to the crime and my dread of its consequences had been weaker than the temptation which impelled me to commit it. † In response to this Henri Bergson said, His desire to do right and his aversion to doing wrong are strong enough to overcome†¦ any other desire or aversion which may conflict them†(TFW, p150) Through this, the only idea that Bergson intends to provide is that the motives of ‘desire’ and ‘aversion’ are conflicting. But when the man decides to select one of them, it demonstrates his free will and freedom of choice. BERGSON’S CREATIVE EVOLUTION BY: AMMARAH MASROOR Let us first start with the basic definition of evolution, MEANING OF EVOLUTION: A process of formation or growth, progressive change or development in the  inherited characteristics  of  biological  populations over successive  generations† Hence the term ‘Evolutio n’ means that certain characteristics or genes starts transforming in a population which then results in a complete transformation of that population’s characteristics which was once inherited by the preceding populations. So it is said that the growth or development which has been taking place as the generations passed has thus completed and now it can be said that this species has evolved.This process of evolution can take place in living organisms as well as in non-living organisms. Some general examples could be the evolution of the bottle of coke or the evolution of airplanes, what we once used to see in cartoons and documentaries and what we see now in reality and in which most of us have travelled is absolutely an evolution. The best example for the evolution in living organisms is the evolution of mankind, the theory that Darwin proposed and the idea that he gave that, ‘Man is the descendant of apes’ CREATIVE EVOLUTION: Henri Bergson proposed the i dea of evolution as ‘Creative Evolution’.He believed that human beings are primarily to be explained in terms of the evolutionary process and that the mechanical process of random selection is inadequate to explain what occurs. According to Bergson: â€Å"Creative evolution is a sort of inner drive which he calls as â€Å"elan vital†, translated as â€Å"life force† and this life force has a connection with the real time that carries the process of evolution perpetually onward. † In order to understand this definition of creative evolution first one needs to understand the two concepts that he highlights in here: Essence of Life:For Bergson the essence of life is duration, the real time – time that is continuously flowing through which we have direct inner experience and is connected with life itself, with the life force that is the elan vital because of which goes on the everlasting process of evolution. Elan Vital: Bergson gives an explanat ion to this terminology as â€Å"an original common impulse which explains the creation of all living species†. The word’s literal meanings are ‘vital force’, ’life force’ or ‘vital impulse’. A combination of both real time and life force causes the process of creative evolution to begin. BOOK – CREATIVE EVOLUTION:In order to further explain his work and concept about creative evolution Henri Bergson wrote a book in 1907 which provided an explanation against Darwin’s Theory of Mechanism. He was also awarded a Nobel Prize for this work of his. COMPARISION BETWEEN DARWIN’S THEORY OF MECHANICAL EVOLUTION AND BERGSON’S THEORY OF CREATIVE EVOLUTION: In order to understand that why Bergson’s Theory is known as Creative Evolution and Darwin’s Theory as Mechanical Evolution let us have a comparison between the two theories. This comparison includes the 4 main points of both the theories and all t he points of each theory are interrelated with each other.The first and the foremost comparison between the two theories are about the approaches they follow. Bergson’s creative evolution follows the teleological approach of traditional finalism that is everything that starts comes to its natural place which ultimately makes the genuine creative creation. Now here the teleological approach comes from the word teleology which means that things should be explained by the appeal to their goal, purpose or functions. For example if you throw a rock it would go to its natural place – the ground, due to the gravitational pull that exists.Teleological whereas can be explained for the existence or presence of biological trait, structure or behavior by appeal to its function. In comparison to this Darwin’s mechanical evolution follows the mechanistic approach which precludes the possibility of any real change or creativity as the products of evolution is given in advance, in the form of pre-existent possibilities. This explains that this process deprives evolution of any inventiveness or creativity because this process is treated as pure mechanism which simply adds existence to something that already had been in the form of possible.Hence there is no difference left between the real and possible. Although both the approaches, to some extent are same because they provide us with the notion that â€Å"Whole is given†. Therefore, neither mechanism nor strict finalism can give a satisfying account of changes in life. The second comparison is about the Tendency Theory. Here Bergson talks about the â€Å"complexification† of life, that is, the phenomenon of its evolution from the simple original vital impulse into different species, individuals, and organs.Here he explains two concepts, firstly he explains that after evolution has occurred species are then differentiated into plants, animals and humans. Then he further explains that life is complex and in order to simplify itself it organizes itself into two great opposite tendencies, namely, instinct and intelligence. Here he then explains the second concept that these tendencies further provides a distinction between humans and animals, that humans have both these tendencies whereas animals only have one that is instinct.This is the reason why Bergson calls this evolution of mankind as ‘Creative Evolution’. In comparison to this Darwin speaks of the ‘Natural Selection’ – the primary mechanism of change over time which includes 4 components * Variation * Inheritance * High rate of population growth * Differential survival and reproduction This is very obvious from the four of its points that he believes that the more the specie is adaptable to change, the variance and tendency to inherit and the more it increases its population through reproduction it has more chances of evolution.The third comparison is that Bergson believes at the pe ripheral of intelligence a fringe of instinct survives which helps us to understand the essence of life. This means that at the boundaries of intelligence a border of instinct is present. His concept is that instinct is the primary factor whereas intelligence is the secondary factor. Instinct comes in first and then the intelligence, this is why instinct came first in all living organisms but then some of the organisms further evolved.Hence because of this evolution they can then be differentiated as animals – with instinct whereas humans – with instinct and then with intelligence (after evolution). Comparing this with Darwin’s theory it can be said that he had no concept of the two tendencies hence focused on the concept of â€Å"Survival of the Fittest†. According to him there exists no such tendencies which helps us to lead our lives, instead there is this concept of â€Å"Survival of the Fittest† where only those species survives that are open to changes, open to use available resources and can fit in the present environment whereas others are there to die.An example could be of the movie Ice Age where all the animals in that movie do not further exist instead they have evolved (the mammoth have now evolved as elephants). The point of Bergson in this comparison can be concluded as there is a little bit of instinct surviving within each intelligent being, making it to coincide with the life force. This partial coincidence is what found ‘Intuition’. The fourth comparison in actual is not a comparison because it is just a one sided difference.Here Bergson puts forward his view and connects it with his previous point of tendencies, that combined result of instinct and intellect is â€Å"intuition†. Through intuition, an individual understands the difference between ‘order’ and ‘disorder’. Intuition means gut feeling, sometimes known as the 6th sense. Bergson says that our way of p erceiving and knowing this world when based on the need for living is then an obstacle. To this obstacle he gives the name ‘Idea of Disorder’. This idea consists of three notions: 1.Order: things happening according to our needs and wants 2. Disorder: simply the order we are not looking for. Although this order may be correct for others but for us it is not happening according to what we want. 3. Nothingness: things that exist in space but we do not consider them to be as existing because it had never been our need. To this point of Bergson there is no comparing point of Darwin because he never came to the point of intuition. His theory stopped at the notions of ‘Natural Selection’ and ‘Survival of the Fittest’. LETTER TO HAROLD HOFFDING:Henri Bergson in one of his letter to Harold Hoff ding which was published in his book key writings said that â€Å"someone who gets a complete grasp on the creative evolution would never then believe on the p rocess of mechanism because in that time is useless†. CRITICS: Although Bergson made his ideas attractive with analogies and poetic metaphors he did not support them with rational arguments. He left them to the readers to understand it themselves on their level of intuition. Furthermore, his critics complained that his ideas did not stand up very well to logical analysis.His defenders replied by saying that he possessed all these characteristics in common with the best creative writers, and that this was because he was offering insights rather than logical arguments. REFERENCES: * www. google. com * www. googleimages. com * www. stanfordencyclopediaofphilosophy. com (plato. stanford. edu) * www. dictionary. references. com * Key Writings – Henri Bergson (continuum) * Modern Philosophy by Bertrand Russell * History of Western Philosophers * 20th Century Philosophy